Hul Asignment – Case Study1

1. Representative advantages and Long Term Settlement Although at first positive about the move, the ICU laborers had started to request more cash to make up for the expanded travel costs and the more costly food at the TF. (contextual investigation p. 5) The issue was raised to the corporate administrative centers who concluded that ICU representatives would be allowed a cafeteria premium of Rs. 25 every day except not a transport recompense. (contextual analysis p. 7) The three units had various approaches for: Tea breaks Lunch breaks Holiday records Festival propels Pay structures Designations Working courses of events: ICU †seven days in three movements TF †six days in two movements TIU †five days in a solitary move The LTS additionally covers machine speeds, profitability, clinical T&Cs, supplication times for strict gatherings. (contextual investigation p. 8) Factory associations present their sanction of requests to the production line the executives. Processing plant the board haggle with the Central Industrial Relations Committee for a general bundle that the council would endorse as a compensation out. Nearby administration at that point haggle with the associations and it is closed down once most of associations concur. (contextual analysis p. 8) Every day after 28th of February that the LTS isn't concurred the representatives miss out on whatever compensation increase the understanding contained. (contextual analysis p. 8) Older specialists are increasingly worried about benefits, more up to date laborers need to expand salary. (contextual analysis p. 9) (contextual analysis p. 9) The current LTS is for the Tea Factory, the LTS for the TIU lapses in 2010 and for the ICU in 2011. Any understandings in the TF LTS will set point of reference for future settlements. Outcomes There will be vulnerability and turmoil among the workers until the issues are settled. Need to improve representative commitment. Points of reference will be set for future settlements. So contemplations ought to be given to how functioning conditions can be best normalized. LTS dealings have in the past become brutal bringing about the breakdown of correspondence and antagonistic consequences for the business. (contextual analysis p. 8) Employees are missing out on benefits while trusting that this will be arranged so it is to everybody's greatest advantage to determine it rapidly. Arrangements A decent bundle will be a viable device for enlistment and maintenance of partners and help to continue staff inspiration and commitment. As indicated by Bratton and Gold (2007, p. 364) â€Å"the reward framework is a significant thought when the association is attempting to pull in appropriate representatives, and once laborers are individuals from the association, their assignment conduct and levels of execution are affected by the prize framework. † An ongoing article by Manisha Chada of the individuals matters from India has noticed the idea of remunerations is increasing expanding notoriety, especially because of the differing needs of an advanced workforce. Different components that ought to likewise be viewed as are serious pay rates, agreeable way of life, professional stability, vocation upgrade alternatives, and work-life offset Effective correspondence with representatives assumes a crucial job during the rebuilding time of any association as it serves to appropriately illuminate the representatives about the changes. This assists with expelling the vulnerability and relieve fears among representatives and along these lines may conquer any obstruction that may result thereof. Casio (2002:96) accepts that â€Å"open and progressing correspondence is basic to an effective rebuilding effort†. Paton and James (2000:45) accept that â€Å"effective correspondence that is intended to advise, counsel and advance activity will help in defeating both opposition and numbness among employees†. Claiming offers will give representatives money related motivators that will make them increasingly dedicated to the association and progressively inspired at work. In the event that the organization is increasingly beneficial, representatives will pick up monetarily through profit installments and an expanded offer cost. Numerous organizations in India, for example, †¦ have representative commitment annuity conspires so workers can pick in the event that they need to place cash into the benefits or keep it in their salary †a specific measure of pay can be assigned and friends would coordinate that to a set breaking point. This would give the more established representatives the alternative to place more cash into their Relocation of laborers †we feel that it is unreasonable that associates have been moved and now have additional movement expenses and travel time. The organization could mastermind a transport to get representatives from certain concurred focuses and ship them to the Tea Factory. This could improve associate duty as it would show that accepts their input. I would recommend that the supervisory crew should set up a center bundle for all workers that can be imitated for the ICU and TIU. Extra advantages could be included dependant evaluation and execution. As indicated by an article on Employee Satisfaction in the Journal of Industrial Management and Data Systems, this would add to associate commitment and inspiration. Strategies on coffee breaks, mid-day breaks, celebration propels, occasion strategy and petition times could be normalized for all partners. It is savvy to complete an audit of the evaluating structure of each of the three pieces of the Tea Factory and to normalize evaluations and employment titles and pay for partners performing comparative jobs all through the association. Contentions How are we going to convince the CEO and the board to consent to an improved bundle. Shouldn't something be said about the more youthful individuals, will they understand the significance of a benefits plot? †Perhaps it would be a smart thought for the organization or associations to instruct the representatives about the annuity plot. It would likewise be a smart thought to permit workers to correct the rate that they contribute at specific occasions. The administration have just declined to pay travel costs exclusively â€could help to fabricate relations among representatives and addition certainty from the workers. 2. Issues between the administration and the associations The test of dealing with the different workforce will tumble to the Factor Manager, the Commercial Manager and the HR Manager. The HR director, is female, 26 and this is her first task. (contextual analysis p. 2) There was no HR group set up when Suchita showed up at the processing plant. Every single past director had been male, local to the state and had four to five years of experience. One laborer had said to her â€Å"you’re more youthful than even my little girl, and I don’t like the way that I need to answer to you. † Suchita has recruited an accomplished neighborhood man onto the HR group to ease relations with the workforce. (contextual investigation p. 6) The pioneer of the TF Union C is contentious, and the association is more uncooperative than the others. The pioneer jumped into Suchita’s office on her first day in the manufacturing plant and took steps to strike if an issue was not settled. contextual analysis p. 5) The ICU associations had not been a piece of a huge worldwide previously and were careful about normalized forms. They likewise felt that they were not repaid on a standard with other HUL associations and looked to the up and coming merger to increase a noteworthy compensation out for their kin. When Suchita showed up, the TF and ICU had separate manufacturing plant supervisors. Soon after she began the ICU supervisor quit and after two months she discovered that the TF chief would move to another job in Dec 2008. The unexpected change in supervisors expanded the union’s disquiet. contextual investigation p. 6;7) Union pioneers have featured the distinctions in working T;Cs among the various units. (contextual investigation p. 8) ICU workers turned out to be increasingly safe and hesitant to change as the draw moved closer. (contextual analysis p. 8) Management have embraced an extreme position on dealings †see p. 8. As the more seasoned laborers were supplanted entomb association competitions reemerged. (contextual analysis p. 9) Unions are getting progressively possessive of their individuals so as to save their gathering character and significance. (contextual investigation p. 9) Consequences On the off chance that the associations are not composed adequately there is a potential that they will strike. The issues with the executives structure, for example, the change in TF and ICU administrators are prompting agitation and should be settled. The ICU associations potentially need assistance to incorporate into the TF structure as they are getting watchful about the progressions and could cause distress and dissent among the representatives. Association contention is expanding, could be awful for the business in this way it is smarter to balance out the structure as quickly as time permits. Change the executives. Coordination. Answers for lessen issues among the board and associations: Representatives ought to be permitted to participate directly from the earliest starting point of rebuilding process. Representatives are bound to be strong of any progressions on the off chance that they are permitted to truly partake in gatherings and workshops where the conceived changes are talked about at the beginning Every endeavor ought to be made by the board to impart all the important data to representatives precisely and at suitable occasions. This will make a climate of trust and duty among representatives and will likewise upgrade the uprightness and validity of the executives and their expectations; Representatives should consistently observe a few advantages coming out of the change procedure and the executives must guarantee that these additions are unmistakably comprehended by all the important workers. Prize structures that are unmistakably comprehended by workers just as offices, for example, the cafeteria must be reevaluated as significant components of the change forms A key human asset diagram for maintenance, re-skilling and development of representatives to new jobs and capacities must be created and be made known to every applicable gathering. Additional instructing and preparing for the neighborhood chiefs including HR director. Balance and assorted variety strategy and give preparing to the associates. As indicated by an article by Kathy Gans it is imperative to increase a decent comprehension of how changes will affect the workforce. It would be a smart thought to direct overviews to check the sentiments of workers and afterward break down

A Report on the High Cost of College Education in America Essay

A Report on the High Cost of College Education in America - Essay Example 9 October, 10, 2011. Dr. Morgan Bill Joint University students’ association Washington, CO 456007 Dear Mr. Houston: The association is presenting this report, due October, 10, 2011, that was mentioned by the training service. The report is entitled the High expense of College Education in America. The motivation behind the report is to illuminate the partners in the instruction division on the significant expense of school educational cost in America which has become a wellspring of demoralization for understudies who might want to have an elevated level of Education. It further underscores on the need chip away at the bringing down of the expense of school educational cost. The substance of this report focuses on the cost of school instruction which isn't proportional to future pay rates and does not merit all advances and attributes procured to finance training. Any inquiries concerning this report can be looked for by reaching Mr. Morgan Bill, the association secretary, at 453-6897. Truly yours, Morgan Bill, Secretary General. Official rundown The expense of school instruction in America has over years progressively gone excessively high. High education cost charges in schools is currently ending up being the most serious issue confronting understudies, guardians and patrons. In this hard financial time, understudies and guardians are presently battling a great deal sourcing for assets to meet this significant expense of education cost. This has run from sourcing school advances from banks and including selling of property advantages for subsidize instruction. This pattern has adversely affected on the concerned gatherings to a degree where understudies have nearly lost trust in a superior future. One in number negative effect that has so far been seen is the debilitation it has had on the understudies undertaking different courses in different colleges. It is very obvious from contemplates led by this group on finish of school training people who gra duate scarcely land well-paying positions that coordinate the expense caused while in school. Additionally, a more noteworthy level of the minimal expenditure earned from these occupations wind up being utilized to reimburse the credits that were acquired during school days leaving a negligible rate for venture. This accordingly renders a bigger populace of the recently utilized and youthful hustling for as long as they can remember. From these bits of knowledge it is in this manner principal to think about the call of the enormous youthful populace and consider a careful survey of the whole charge installment frameworks in universities with expectation of bringing down its expense to serve the group of people yet to come. Strategy An examined gathering of around 40 understudies from inspected colleges and schools in the United States of America were met with a perspective on getting foundation data from the influenced gatherings. So also, different workers who had quite recently fi nished preparing was tested and met. The technique chose planned for gathering information that will empower the scientists recognize the issue and propose expected arrangements. Discoveries The expense of school educational cost for some, universities has after some time become so costly. The cost for school examines has neither compared the future compensation of those taking the courses nor has it equivalent the advances and numerous credits being spent on education costs. It is along these lines basic to introduce this report as a methods for passing a message of discontent and clamor confronting guardians and understudies who pay the consequences to get important training (Heller, 2001). The most serious issue for many individuals living in America while joining a school or college is

Early marriage Essay Example For Students

Early marriage Essay Early marriage is the marriage of youngsters and teenagers beneath the age of 18. Causes:According to UNICEFs Innocenti Research Center, the act of wedding young ladies at a youthful age is generally regular in Sub-Saharan African and South Asia. There are explicit pieces of West Africa and East Africa and of South Asia where relationships before pubescence are not unordinary. Nonetheless, the Center likewise takes note of that marriage not long after adolescence is regular among those living customary ways of life in the Middle East, North Africa and different pieces of Asia. Relationships of female teenagers somewhere in the range of sixteen and eighteen are normal in parts of Latin America and Eastern Europe. As early marriage is generally polished in creating nations, a worldwide issue has emerged concerning whether early marriage does truly prevent self improvement because of the outcomes it brings to little youngsters. The training is accepted to carry a few advantages somewhat. In any case, the unfriendly impacts it brings can obstruct the self-improvement of youthful adolescences in numerous perspectives including wellbeing results, character building and instruction just as vocation openings. 1. 2Purpose of Research The principle motivation behind this examination is to find students’ sentiment about early marriage. Do they concur with early marriage or not. The subsequent objective is to know whether early marriage brings either advantages or damages to understudies. Despite the fact that early marriage is as of now turning into a social standard in the underdeveloped nations the general public despite everything doesn't completely mindful of this wonder. Therefore the third objective of this examination is to build the attention to the general public in regards to early marriage. 1. 3Method of Research For the reason for this exploration, important data was acquired from web and books. This report is separated into a few sections, for example, foundation data, factors that lead to early marriage, favorable circumstances and hindrances of early marriage, just as either early marriage can obstruct self advancement of youthful immaturity or not. A lot of poll will be dispersed to 35 SAM understudy of INTI International University College. A portion of the inquiries are utilizing 6-point Likert scale, as it is the best estimation scale to pick up people’s reaction without anybody shifting back and forth (Faculty Senate Advancement of Teaching (AOT) Committee, 2004). A meeting likewise will be led as a component of the exploration strategies. 2. Foundation INFORMATION ABOUT EARLY MARRIAGE. 1. Terms and Terminologies Oxford Advance Learners’ Dictionary (2006, page 481 and 941), characterizes ahead of schedule as close to the start of a period. In the interim, marriage implies the lawful connection between a couple. To put it plainly, early marriage implies the legitimate connection between a couple toward the start of their childhood life. (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003) They likewise characterizes early marriage as any marriage that occur before the gathering included is at any rate 18 years of age (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003). . Measurable Studies of Early Marriage 1. Commonness of Young Marriage The act of youthful marriage is generally regular in creating nations (United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2001). As detailed by Joyce (2001), the examination made by Demographic and Healthy Survey information shows the nations which face most instances of early marriage are Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asian areas. Among the nations that have high instances of youthful marriage, Niger is the most particularly influenced nation with 88 percent of the ladies wedded before the age of 18. Adjusted From: Joyce, L. F. , et al. (2001). Future Options Foreclosed: Girls Who Marry Early. Conceptive Health and Rights. 139-143. Recovered January 25, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. way. organization/documents/RHR-Article-14. pdf. 3. Main considerations That Lead to Early Marriage The reasons prompting the gigantic number of youths that wed in most creating nations differs. Neediness is one of the fundamental elements supporting early marriage (Joyce, 2001). A little youngster is viewed as a monetary weight to a poor family, therefore early marriage is considered as a procedure for financial endurance. An ongoing investigation of five exceptionally poor towns in Egypt shows that little youngsters are being offered to a lot more seasoned men from oil-rich Middle Eastern nations for family endurance (UNICEF, 2001). Also, early marriage is one approach to vouch that a young lady is made sure about from physical and lewd activities (UNICEF, 2001). Numerous guardians from various convictions and customs respect that early marriage is fundamental to defend their little girls from these maltreatment. For example, a few families in Northern Uganda urge their little youngsters to wed state army individuals so as to make sure about assurance (UNICEF, 2001). Besides, as detailed by Mathur in her report, they accentuated that sex jobs is one of the primary driver of the event of early marriage. (Mathur, S, et al 2003) An examination directed shows that in significant culture of the creating nations, the change age of a young lady from youngsters to adulthood are not implied for them to locate their own character. While, all the experience they gain during the time range of being pre-adulthood are just for them to be set up for marriage (Mathur, S, et al 2003) Additionally, another factor that adds to early spousal elationship is a result of the dread that the young lady may lose her virginity before she gets hitched since many view it as the vital ascribe to a girl’s regard. (Mathur, S, et al 2003) A study had uncovered that early marriage was considered as an answer of pregnancy outside of marriage. (Huq and Amin, 2001 as refered to in Mathur S et al, 2003) And in the underdeveloped nations, marriage soon after adolescence is regu lar among those living conventional ways of life (Joyce, 2001). 2. Opponents’ Views Against Early Marriage 3. 1 The Denial of Education The resistance of early marriage accepted that early marriage precludes the privilege from securing youthful young people particularly for female to the training they hypothesize for self-improvement. In conventional social orders, the venture for a girl’s training is believed to be squandered as the young lady will wed and remain at home doing family tasks (UNICEF, 2001). For example, Demographic Health Survey information gathered from Bangladesh, Nepal, Indonesia, and Kazakhstan had indicated an unmistakable connection among marriage and withdrawal from school (UNICEF, 2001). A young lady will drop out from school, if a decent marriage prospect emerges (UNICEF, 2001). In light of the early finish of female instruction, they will have tightened odds of improving aptitudes and procuring information, confining their financial and vocation openings (Joyce, 2001). This is on the grounds that withdrawal from school will brings about practically ignorant and incompetent ladies making them have no discernible part in numerous expert field. 2. Wellbeing and Reproduction Problem Those who are not in the kindness of early marriage had contended that early childbearing which consistently happens in early marriage imperil the lives of both the mother and her infant (Joyce, 2001). The early pregnancy builds the danger of confusions and biting the dust during conveyance. A report shows that the danger of death because of pregnancy-related cases is multiplied among ladies matured from 15 to 19 contrasted with grown-up ladies (Adhikari, 2006). They further focused on that these young ladies are additionally progressively helpless to explicitly transmitted ailments (UNICEF, 2001). A young lady is physiologically progressively slanted to contracting HIV/AIDS, in view of the thought expressing that a young lady vagina is as yet not yet all around secured with defensive cells and her cervix might be all the more handily disintegrated (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003). For example, in a portion of the most noticeably terrible influenced African nations, high school young ladies are being tainted at a pace of five to multiple times more prominent than those of youngsters (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003). 3. Psychosocial Disadvantages When early marriage happens, the young lady will be gone up against by a few, if relatively few, enthusiastic pressure. Sociologists recommended this is because of their repression at home due to the perpetual family errands subsequently precluding them from securing their opportunity (UNICEF, 2001). A large portion of the young ladies that are influenced by the previously mentioned circumstance will in the long run effectsly affect their passionate prosperity. An Indian research directed in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh found that the companions of early marriage typically experienced extraordinary psychosocial harm (UNICEF, 2001). Another worry raised by the adversaries is that the little youngster loses her public activity outside her family cycle and this will influence her odds of developing her own character (UNICEF, 2001). The most significant ramifications of this is her confidence is quietly prevented from being created and this will make her helpless against sexual and physical savagery. In Eastern Africa for example, a youthful spouse has no privileges to reject sex to her better half despite the fact that her accomplice is suspected with HIV (UNICEF, 2001). 4. 0 Proponents’ Views on Early Marriage 4. 1 Health Benefits The defenders accepted that body capacities are progressively viable and sound at beginning period throughout everyday life. For ladies, the body is especially outfitted towards multiplication during early adulthood (Orsi, 2001). Early marriage is gainful on the grounds that craving and vitality from youthful couples produce solid posterity. The Tempest and Dreams EssaySome of the cases were brought about by affection and masterminded marriage however it isn't as noteworthy when contrasted with the cases that are brought about by pre-marriage sex. Sex outside of lawful marriage is the significant supporter of early marriage. He included that in Malaysia, a couple of steps have been taken by the administration so as to decrease the issue. Under Malaysian Law, adolescents who need to get hitched must be in any event 18 years of age for male and in like manner 16 years of age for female and them two must have authorization from the court. Additionally, for Muslim, Malaysian government will furnish them with courses reg

One piece of technology I can’t live without Essay

In today’s present day and age, we are joined day by day by minimal electronic devices. They furnish us with amusement, or as a methods for correspondence with the remainder of the world. I own a Samsung Galaxy S4, and I realize that if I somehow happened to lose or not have it one day, I would go ballistic! My telephone keeps me in contact with everybody around me, that as well as, it stores a great deal of my own occasions and pictures, and also the measure of cash I paid for this costly knickknack was crazy! To start I am an exceptionally bustling lady with an extremely bustling calendar. I am a full time mother and understudy all through the entire week, and I work at a salon on the ends of the week. My activity comprises of booking arrangements, affirming arrangements, and furnishing my customers with telephone counsels. If I somehow happened to be phoneless, my arrangements would be a catastrophe. Likewise, I get a great deal of calls the entire day from my family with respect to my child. What's more, I could get a significant call from my PCP or wellbeing administrations focus in regards to my exams or lab work. Also, I couldn’t envision experiencing a crisis and not having the option to arrive at anybody! Next my telephone has web access, so I use it to explore with different applications like GPS, look into telephone numbers and organizations above all else I use it to browse my email. I would actually be lost without it. For instance, correspondence today is generally done through messages, discussion among educators and understudies, significant data you have to think about your major. You additionally can get incredible arrangements on coupons in your email which I love. There are numerous things you can get in your inbox this is the reason I can't live without my telephone browsing my email each day is imperative to me. At long last telephones these days have camcorders/cameras introduced in them alongside extra stockpiling gadgets, organizers and schedules. For example, my telephone is stacked with individual and expert pictures and recordings from numerous years back; they have a great deal of nostalgic incentive for me. If I somehow managed to lose them I would be crushed, I would have no chance to get of recouping them. Additionally, my schedules and organizers are pressed with significant individual dates and expert arrangements, those organizers are the accomplishment to my organized working days loaded up with arrangements. The substance inside the telephone are close to home and private. It comprises of journal sections and individual diaries about my lif e. In outline these are reason I can't live without my mobile phone.

Cultural Heritage Tourism

The travel industry is one of the essential financial exercises on the planet and ‘Cultural Tourism’ is a quickly growing piece of this industry. As indicated by the OEA â€Å"Culture contributes significantly to the nations economies†, thusly numerous economies in various nations have been utilizing this as a component to expand their economies. Inside the general the travel industry, numerous nations are seeing the advantages of utilizing â€Å"Cultural Tourism† as a key region of attraction.They accomplish this by creating chronicled locales and exercises that have framed piece of their legacy. This can incorporate structures, networks, individuals, and striking conventions. The advancement of Cultural the travel industry is a method for holding the monetary attributes of the legacy locales. It is additionally observed as a significant factor for the advancement of the national and territorial economies by creating social improvement in the entirety of i ts viewpoints (ICOMOS twelfth General Assembly, 1999).As well as being utilized to as a component to create provincial economies by drawing in sightseers to legacy destinations and the encompassing territories, Cultural Tourism is structures a significant piece of a nations national the travel industry economy. Its point is to pull in those visitors who have a profound inward need to become acquainted with new places with history, by empowering them to feel some portion of the spot they are visiting. The social legacy visitor needs to associate oneself with history and experience how the world created in the specific region they are visiting (Cultural legacy the travel industry Guide, 2000).Since social legacy the travel industry grabbed the attention of the market analysts 10 years back, there have been numerous monetary investigations created to gauge the effect that this action has in the locales where the legacy the travel industry is drilled (Toselli, C. , 2006). Some portion o f the purpose behind this is on the grounds that the visitor who is occupied with notable and social vacationer exercises invests more energy and cash in the zone visited, taking part in a greater number of exercises than different sorts of traveler would (Travel Industry Association of America reference by Hargrove, M. , 2002), making this sort of the travel industry a beneficial movement for the districts, networks and recorded places.As a consequence of these examinations it very well may be expect that with a more prominent convergence of social legacy the travel industry there would be the advantage of an addition of gainfulness for the social and the travel industry making work in the legacy networks, urban areas and nations. Inside this examination I will focus my work on the â€Å"International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos. † This is a prime case of different social exercises in territories that are rich in culture.The a rea of this celebration is in the Jesuit Mission district in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. This area has 6 towns in which the six world’s celebrated Jesuit chapels were fabricated and which were assigned World legacy destinations by the UNESCO in 1990 (UNESCO, 2006). The celebration was established in 1996 and it is commended each other year in the towns of the Jesuit locale (APAC , 2005). The celebration is one of a kind in the area due to the elaborate American music that they offer to the traveler. This is a piece of a one of a kind choice of unique melodic partitures from decades prior (see Appendix figure 1).The setting for the performing of the music shows are the 6 verifiable places of worship which were worked somewhere in the range of 1669 and 1760 which despite everything keep up the magnificence from an earlier time (La Gran Chiquitania, 2006). Point The point of this exploration is to audit and break down the future showcasing system, which APAC is producing for the International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos† so as to advance the celebration universally. Specifically, the expectation is to evaluate how this identifies with the manner by which the accomplishment in advertising of past celebrations has been seen by the hoteliers and Tour operators.The reason for this is to recognize regions of worry to be tended to and to suggest manners by which the current showcasing methodology can be streamlined so as to build the financial development of the celebration and the legacy destinations. Destinations †¢ Identify the kind of traveler social legacy celebrations pull in and investigate their desires. †¢ Identify and dissect the strategic work that the celebration has and how it could be improved. †¢ Review the coordinations of the Tour Operators and hoteliers; their capacity to provide food for vacationer desires, tending to ways those shortages can be killed or r educed.†¢ Determine the showcasing technique that the celebration should use to pull in traveler by recognizing visitor request division of it. Writing Review With an expanding number of nations and districts trying to exploit their legacy as a method for pulling in development in the travel industry and the monetary advantage this brings, it is significant for the administrators of authentic destinations and celebrations to have a total comprehension of the purchaser, the item they are offering and the manners in which that item ought to be advertised. The buyer in this occasion isn't a normal holidaymaker.There is a particular authentic reason to both the structure and motivation behind their vacation. This has been best depicted by Robert Stebbins (1996), when he saw that â€Å"Cultural the travel industry is a kind of exceptional intrigue the travel industry dependent on the quest for and cooperation in new and profound social encounters, regardless of whether stylish, sch olarly, enthusiastic, or psychological†(Robert Stebbins 1996). Today an expanding number of voyagers are moving ceaselessly from the idea of pre-bundled sun and recreation breaks. It is evaluated that around 20% or visitors currently put expressions of the human experience, culture and history among their main five reasons from traveling.In America alone, social the travel industry rose by 13% somewhere in the range of 1996 and 2003, (TIA 2003). As Garrion Keillor (1995) remarked, â€Å"They want our way of life: high culture, low culture, center culture, right, left, genuine or envisioned †they come here to see America. † because of this expansion sought after, incompletely powered by the approach of Internet get to and the increment in openness to worldwide travel realized by decreases in movement costs, an ever increasing number of nations are changing over their chronicled locales and celebrations into traveler centers.With more rivalry comes the requirement fo r viable showcasing. Regarding the movement business this is characterized as â€Å"The procedure of recognizing and arriving at explicit fragments of a populace for the reasons for selling them an item or administration. † (Home Travel Agency 2006) There has been various investigations in regards to the promoting of Cultural Heritage when all is said in done and of more importance to this paper, the showcasing of recorded concerts and their goals in particular.The advertising of Cultural Heritage locales is a subject that must be managed in a delicate way, the same number of journalists have recognized. Rowan Yorke and Uzi Baram (2004) have incorporated various investigations identifying with famous social locales around the world, which manage the interrelationship that exists between the business and political part of chronicled destinations, including adjusting the significance of archaic exploration against benefit. Be that as it may, cautious showcasing can, if appropri ately built and modified, effectively advance the site.It is essentially significant when structuring a promoting system to propel the characteristics and attractions of the site such that will carry it to the cutting edge of the explorers mind, making it more applicable and eminent to them than destinations of a comparable sort. To accomplish this, one must utilize the specific characteristics of its recorded an incentive to focus on the proper market. This is especially significant regarding the celebration subject being concentrated inside this paper. Most scientists feel that Festivals take on a unique significance.In her book regarding the matter of social goal, Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (1998) says, â€Å"Festivals are social exhibitions second to none. Their limits recognizable in time and space† There are various melodic and different celebrations being held all through the world, from the authentic to the present day; from well known to great; from period to str ict based. With such force of rivalry, the significance of showcasing celebrations broadly and universally becomes paramount.In the instance of the â€Å"International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos. † Marketing would should know about two levels, promoting of the goal and showcasing of the celebration itself. Nigel Morgan et al (2001) recommend that goal marking enables advertisers to address one of the most significant part of the exceptional occasion, in particular how suitable is simply the goal. As we have seen celebrations that are effectively depicted which means managing the political, social and social side effectively can bring financial benefits.To effectively advertise a melodic celebration one needs to initially assess what type the music fits into together with its authentic and geological position, at that point look to the intended interest group, so as to give a sorted out structure to the showcasing program. (Joh nny Allen (2001) because of this audit it tends to be seen that we have to take a gander at the sort of social vacationer, their melodic tastes together with the verifiable and strict foundation, musically and goal based, of the celebration itself. References Allen, Johnny (2005) Festival and Special Event Management. John Wiley and Sons Douglas, Norman (2001). Exceptional Interest Tourism.John Wiley and Sons (Australia) Ltd. Factsheet. (2005) Welcome to APAC Festivals. Recovered 14 July 2006 from http://www. festivalesapac. com/site/file. php? module=ContentExpress&file=index&func=display&ceid=27&newlang=eng Fleming, Ronald Lee. (1989). On the off chance that dividers could t

Biography of Psychologist Harry Harlow

Biography of Psychologist Harry Harlow August 18, 2019 Wikimedia Commons / Aiwok (CC 3.0) More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Harry Harlow was an American psychologist who is best-remembered for his series of controversial and often outrageously cruel experiments with rhesus monkeys. In order to study the effects of maternal separation and social isolation, Harlow placed infant monkeys in isolated chambers. Some variations of the experiments involved placing the monkeys with surrogate mothers made of either wire or cloth to see which the young monkeys preferred. In other instances, the monkeys were raised in total isolation for as long as 24 months, leading to profound and lasting emotional disturbances.   Harry Harlows Contributions to Psychology Best known for his social isolation experiments with rhesus monkeys,?? Harlows research contributed a great deal to our understanding of the importance of caregiving, affection, and social relationships early in life. In one review of the most eminent psychologists of the 20th century, Harlow was listed as the 26th most frequently cited psychologist.?? 10 Most Influential Psychologists in History Birth and Death Harry Harlow was born on October 31, 1905, in Fairfield, Iowa. He died on December 6, 1981, in Tucson, Arizona.?? His Early Life Harry Harlow (born Harry Israel) grew up in Iowa and later went on to attend Reed College in Portland, Oregon, for one year. After passing a special aptitude test, he enrolled at Stanford University where he started out as an English major. His grades were so bad that after one semester he switched to the study of psychology. While at Stanford, Harlow studied with psychologist Lewis Terman, who had developed the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. In 1930, he earned his Ph.D. in psychology and later changed his last name from Israel to Harlow. Harlows Career and Research After graduating from Stanford, Harlow was offered a position at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. While at the school, he established the pioneering Primate Laboratory where he would perform his controversial social isolation experiments. Harlows classic series of experiments were conducted between 1957 and 1963 and involved separating young rhesus monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth. The infant monkeys were instead raised by surrogate wire monkey mothers. Harry Harlows Research on Love In one version of the experiment, one of the mothers was made entirely from the wire while the other was covered with a soft cloth. Harlow found that regardless of whether or not the cloth-covered mother provided food, the infant monkeys would cling to her for comfort. On the other hand, the monkeys would only select the wire mother when she provided food. Harlow presented his results at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association in 1958 and also reported his findings in his classic article entitled The Nature of Love in the journal American Psychologist.?? Later experiments looked at social isolation by raising rhesus monkeys either in total or partial isolation. Harlow and his students found that such isolation led to a variety of negative outcomes including severe psychological disturbances and even death. The Importance of the American Psychological Association Harlows Influence on the Field of Psychology Harlows experiments were shocking and controversial. Most would be considered unethical by todays standards. However, his research played an important role in shaping our understanding of child development. Prevailing thought during Harlows time suggested that paying attention to young children would spoil them and that affection should be limited. Harlows work instead demonstrated the absolute importance of developing safe, secure, and supportive emotional bonds with caregivers during early childhood. Many experts at the time also believed that feeding was the primary force between the mother-and-child bonds. Harlows work suggested that while feedings are important, it is the physical closeness and contact that provides the comfort and security that a child needs for normal development.?? Harlows work along with that of other researchers including psychologist John Bowlby and pediatrician Benjamin Spock helped spark a revolution in our approach to childcare and child-rearing. How John Bowlby Influenced Child Psychology Selected Publications Harlow HF. The Effect of Large Cortical Lesions on Learned Behavior in Monkeys. Science. 1950.Harlow HF. Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior. University of Wisconsin Press. 1958.Harlow HF et al. The Sad Ones: Studies in Depression. Psychology Today. 1971;4(12):61-63.Harlow HF. A Variable-Temperature Surrogate Mother for Studying Attachment in Infant Monkeys. Behavior Research Methods. 1973;5(3):269-272.Harlow HF. Lust, Latency, and Love: Simian Secrets of Successful Sex. Journal of Sex Research.1975;11(2):79-90. Recommended Reading Harlow HF. The Nature of Love. American Psychologist. 1958;13:673-685.Blum D. Love at Goon Park. New York: Perseus Publishing. 2002.

Red Lion Hotel an international hotel chain is running its business successfully - Free Essay Example

Introduction The Red Lion Hotel is an international hotel chain which is running its business successfully about a decade. As a centre of attraction London city is one of its busy branches in the United Kingdom. This company always maintains an organisational structure for keeping a high standard of service and at the same time running the management smoothly. Different organisation Structure [P1] Organisations are structured in a variety of ways, dependant on their objectives and culture. The structure of an organisation will determine the manner in which it operates and its performance. Structure allows the responsibilities for different functions and processes to be clearly allocated to different departments and employees. The most common organisation structures are:  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Tall  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Flat  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Hierarchical  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Centralised and decentralised Flat structure A flat organization structure has few levels of management between the executive level and the front-line employees. The premise behind a flat organization structure is to empower employees by making them a larger part of the decision-making process. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Good communication between top management and worker. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Better working sprit. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Less bureaucracy and easier decision making. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Fewer levels of management which includes benefits such as lower costs as managers are generally paid more than worker. Tall structure In its simplest form a tall organisation has many levels of management and supervision. There is a long chain of command running from the top of the organisation e.g. Chief Executive down to the bottom of the organisation eg shop floor worker. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ There is a narrow span of control i.e. each manager has a small number of employees under their control. This means that employees can be closely supervised. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ There is a clear management structure. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ The function of each layer will be clear and distinct. There will be clear lines of responsibility and control. Organisation structure and culture [P2] From the above diagram, we can see that, for a group of staff there is a one supervisor   and there are three supervisors . Supervisors work according to the assistant manages instruction and assistant managers work according to manager instruction. And the manager receives the major instruction from the regional head office. Even though there are two layers in between staff and managing director, there is a direct communication between staff and managing director. And the manager directly control the management, operational issue like hiring of staff, marketing and sales promotion. Factors that influence individual behaviour[P3] There are certain factors that may influence the individual behaviour. Fear of losing job:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   if there is a fear of losing job, its difficult to get 100% from them. So there should not be any fear of losing job. Wages: well wages may increase the individual performance.   If there is performance bonus that may also influence. Consultation with subordinate: if there is any decision that related with employee that should be consulted with subordinate. Otherwise it  creates bad effect on employees individual employee. Cheap accommodation: As the status the people working here are almost categories it is a good idea to arrange a cheap accommodation for them Flexible working hour: Among the employees few of them are students, students have strict restriction for working more than 20 hours in their study period. A flexible rota will help to make the working speed smooth. Principles and Practices of organising [P4] There are some organisational theory and management principles that help to maintain a organization. Some are given bellow: Strategy/Finance: Those who want to improve the value of a company need to know how to organize to achieve organizational goals; those who want to monitor and control performance will need to understand how to achieve results by structuring activities and designing organizational processes. Marketing: Marketers know that to create a successful corporate brand they need to get the organization behind the delivery of its promise; a thorough understanding of what an organization is and how it operates will make their endeavours to align the organization and its brand strategy more feasible and productive. Information technology: The way information flows through the organization affects work processes and outcomes, so knowing organization theory can help IT specialists identify, understand and serve the organizations informational needs as they design an d promote the use of their information systems. Operations Value chain management has created a need for operations managers to interconnect their organizing processes with those of suppliers, distributors and customers; organization theory not only supports the technical aspects of operations and systems integration, but explains their socio-cultural aspects as well. Human resources :Nearly everything HR specialists do from recruiting to compensation has organizational ramifications and hence benefits from knowledge provided by organization theory; organizational development and change are particularly important elements of HR that demand deep knowledge of organizations and organizing, and organization theory can provide content for executive training programs. Communication: Corporate communication specialists must understand the interpretive processes of organizational stakeholders and need to address the many ways in which different parts of the organization interact with each other and the environment, in order to design communication systems that are effective or to diagnose ways existing systems are misaligned with the organizations needs. From the above discussion, we can easily identify what are the theories is required in order to create a new chain of restaurant. Different approaches and organisation [P5] There are couple of management approaches. These are given bellow: There are couple of management approaches. These are given bellow: ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     scientific management ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Classical administration ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bureaucracy ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Human relations approach ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   System approach ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Contingency approach Among from these are the approaches I would prefer for scientific management approaches. Because there are some certain characteristics that would be helpful in order to expand the business.   Key characteristics of scientific management approaches given bellow: ƒ ¼ Scientific Job Analysis observation, data gathering, and careful measurement determine the one best way to perform each job ƒ ¼ Selection of Personnel scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop workers ƒ ¼ Management Cooperation managers should cooperate with workers to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that developed the plan ƒ ¼ Functional Supervising managers assume planning, organizing, and decision-making activities, and workers perform jobs . Task2   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Different leadership style [P6] Leadership is a process by which individuals are influenced (could be a manager) so that they will be prepared in the achievement of organisational or group they achieved goals. It is the role  of the leader to obtain the commitment of   individuals to achieving these goals . There are three major leadership style exist in management theories. First of all the name and characteristics of different leadership style given bellow:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Participative Leadership (Democratic)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Declarative (Laissez-Faire) Leadership  In authoritarian leadership leader does care about any one. The leader take decision without discussing with any one and leader hold the main decision making power and it creates high level of   dependency on leader. Delegative leadership style offer little or no guidance to group members and leave decision-making up to group members. While this style can be effective in situations where group members are highly qualified in an area of expertise, it often leads to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š Participative leadership acting as a father figure and   will be holding the decision making power but may discuss with the subordinate which will he lp to take the best possible decisions. These leadership styles encourage workers; give instruction to follow and also belief in supporting staff. So from the point of view this is best leadership style that may helpful for the new business.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Different motivational theories [P7]   There are different motivation theories of motivation  to increase  workers productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Maslow theories: Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfil each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also recognise that workers are not all motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   [https://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm]  Hertzberg: Frederick Herzberg (1923-) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors). Herzberg believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job enlargement workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform (not necessarily more challenging) which should make the work more interesting. Job enrichment involves workers being given a wider range of more complexes, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. T his should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment means delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   [https://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm]   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Relationship between motivation theory and management and impact(p8) There is a relationship between practice of management and motivation. Management always wants get the job done but in order to get the job done employee has to be motivated. So that motivation is the key factor for management. Motivation can be done in a form of rewarding or simply appreciating for the good work. If the manager concern about both task and employee then according to black and moutons managerial grid it is called team management.   So that in order to be successful in business it is important to follow some motivational theory and continue with the management practice. He has to consider that staff motivation is the key factor to continue management practice and be successful  Â  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Nature of groups and group behavior [P9]   In an organisation, the nature of groups could be following types: o  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Groups and teams o  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Informal and formal groups o  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Purpose of teams In an organisation there could be formal or informal group. Formal groups normally created to fulfil goals or specific task and it creates by organisation. For example within the finance department, there could be accounts group, payroll group, purchase group etc. apart from that there are some task group as well. Within the organisation there could be informal group and it could be created according to interest and friendship.   The behaviour of groups can be affected by some factors like size of the organisation, leadership style, norms of the group, working environment etc.  Â  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Factors that will lead to effective teamwork (p10) There are couple of factors that will lead a successful and effective teamwork. ƒ˜   Choosing right team member ƒ˜   Choosing right team leader ƒ˜   Proper communication ƒ˜   Good leadership ƒ˜   Good understanding ƒ˜   Trust These are the key factors that can make a team effective. Influencing factor that could be Threaten for teamwork: not all the team get success.   There are some factors that could be causes to failure of a team. ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of trust among the group member ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of team cohesiveness ƒ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of clearly define purpose  Â  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Evaluation of technology on team functioning[p11] For a team functioning technology can play a vital role. Communication is the key factor to be a successful team. In order to make effective communication, need to use some technology that are give bellow:    Email: by email team member can communicate without being a same place    Mobile phone: can talk each other whenever its required    Group ware: enables team to plan meeting, collaborate, delegate all within a virtual environment    Personal computer or laptop: helps individual team member to carry on the given task.    Mobile broadband: allows to be in online while travelling From the above discussion its clear that  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   technology has a great impact on team functioning.

The Freedom And Freedom Of The United States Of America

Americans, in this rightfully proud nation of The United States of America, have freedom and liberty set amongst the highest of our ideals. Generations were born and raised in this country. They were taught to always respect and cherish the rights and liberties given to us, the people, that were earned and are still being bravely defended to this day. Our rights were earned and are defended by our courageous, gun wielding soldiers. Currently, in this turbulent time of politics in our nation, many of our rights and privileges are being aimed at for attack and infringement. In this case, particularly, it is the American citizen s right to bear arms. This right must be protected and preserved for the sake of the people of America and the country itself. U.S. citizens should be allowed to bear arms because they are an incredibly useful tool for self-defense, the second amendment protects the right to bear arms, and they are an absolute necessity for hunters. The most important, mo st fundamental reason for an American citizen to own a lethal fire arm, is conclusively for the sake of self-defense. It has been shown that in the overwhelming majority of aggressive cases between a violent criminal and an armed citizen, that the criminal either flees or surrenders. Naturally, a criminal would not attack someone who is armed; gun free zones like schools and malls are much more attractive places for committing mass murders, as history shows. Gary Gleck, a criminologist andShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Of The United States Of America1628 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom. Few would argue that the best place to experience freedom is in the United States of America. But where is the fine line between freedom and responsibility? Should everyone have freedom to be irresponsible? The USA’s founding fathers formed a constitutional republic for a responsible people to decide upon what ought to be done. 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Negative Effects of Cell Phone of Society - 1609 Words

Steve Sheridan Professor Simakowicz 1st Draft Paper 13 April 2010 â€Å"Do Cell Phones Help or Hinder Society?† Times have changed tremendously in the last twenty five years in regards to how the world communicates with each other. The birth of new technology such as cell phones with internet capability, laptop computers, and even the recently released I-Pad has made communication with anyone outside of talking distance immediately accessible. Even though to many people this seems like a movement in the right direction for the future of the world, there are still people who hold firm on the idea that communicating with people face to face is much better for society. Teenagers today use cell phones much more than any other age group, but they†¦show more content†¦People today literally do not get enough personal interactions during the day due to the fact that everyone they talk to is on their cell phone. This is a problem because average conversations with people are becoming increasingly more awkward and people simply do not know how to talk to each other. It is a fact that people e ven use their cell phones in order to make them feel better in awkward social situations. If a person is walking through a crowded social place and they are alone, they even fake that they are on the phone so they do not put themselves into social situations that make them feel awkward. This fact is enough for anyone to realize that cell phones have negatively affected how people communicate with each other and how they build relationships. The last and most important negative factor that cell phones have and everybody seems to take part in, is text messaging. There was at first instant messenger on computers which required the person to be online and at the computer to talk to others who are also online. Cell phone companies have taken that idea and turned instant messenger into a never ending spectrum. Texters send messages at all times of the day, and the worst part about it is that you can be literally anywhere to send or receive a message. In light of this global problem, Louis a Burgess wrote an article describing the horrible effects that cell phones have on society. She says, â€Å"its so impersonal. Unfortunately, some people carry it toShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effect of Cell Phones on Society Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesA cell phone is an electronic device used for the mobile telecommunication i.e. mobile telephony, data transmission and text messaging. It is used over a cellular network of specialized base stations. It differs from cordless telephones, which offers telephony service only within a limited range i.e. within a home or an office. As the time passes it offers more and more advance features. A society is a social, economical or industrial infrastructure, made up of collection of individuals. 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The Greatest Generation During World War II And The Great...

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External Factors And Their Effects On Organisations Essay

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Bill Miller and Value Trust Free Essays

string(81) " that could be acquired through a close analysis of the company and the economy\." ? Bill Miller and Value Trust Background Information Bill Miller is one of the most renowned professional fund managers. This can be proven by the outperformance of the Value Trust, which is managed by him, compared to its benchmark index, the Standard Poor’s 500 Index (SP 500), for an astonishing 14 years in a row; and this marked the longest streak of success for any manager in the mutual-fund industry. By the middle of 2005, Value Trust is worth $11. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Miller and Value Trust or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2-billion. Bill Miller’s approach to investment management was research-intensive and highly concentrated. For instance, nearly 50 percent of Value Trust’s assets were invested in just 10 large-capitalization companies. While most of Bill Miller’s investments were value stocks, he was not averse to taking large positions in the stocks of growth companies. In other words, Bill Miller’s investing style is iconoclastic: â€Å"You simply can’t do what he’s done in the supremely competitive, ultra-efficient world of stock picking by following the pack†¦The fact is that Miller has spent decades studying freethinking overachievers, and along the way he’s become one himself. † Mutual Funds Definition A mutual fund is an investment vehicle that pooled the funds of individual investors to buy a portfolio of securities, stocks, bonds, and money-market instruments to meet specific investment objectives; investors owned a pro rata share of the overall investment portfolio (Bruner, 2007). The various investments included in a fund’s portfolio are handled by professional money managers in line with the stated investment policy of the fund. All mutual funds have a portfolio manager, or investment advisor, who directs the fund’s investments according to explicit investment objectives. Mutual Fund Types Investors have different objectives, so various types of mutual funds are needed to help them achieve their goals. Most mutual funds fit into one of three basic categories: money market mutual funds, bond funds, and stock funds. Money market mutual funds hold cash reserves, or short-term debt investments issued by the government, corporations, or financial institutions (i. e. , U. S. Treasury bills and bank certificates of deposit). Bond funds invest in debt instruments issued by corporations or government agencies. Stock funds are one of the most popular types of mutual funds, ranging from relatively conservative equity income funds to value funds, growth funds, aggressive growth funds, small-company funds, and international funds (Hirschey and Nofsinger, 2008). Advantages of Mutual Funds Diversification Using mutual funds can help an investor diversify their portfolio with a minimum investment. When investing in a single mutual fund, an investor is actually investing in numerous securities and spreading investment across a range of securities can help to reduce risk but will never completely eliminate it. If a few securities in the mutual fund lose value or become worthless, the loss maybe offset by other securities that appreciate in value. Professional Management Mutual funds are managed and supervised by investment professionals. As per the stated objectives set forth in the prospectus, along with prevailing market conditions and other factors, the mutual fund manager will decide when to buy or sell securities. This eliminates the investor of the difficult task of trying to time the market. Furthermore, mutual funds can eliminate the cost an investor would incur when proper due diligence is given to researching securities. Convenience With most mutual funds, buying and selling shares, changing distribution options, and obtaining information can be accomplished conveniently by telephone, by mail, or online. Minimum Initial Investment Most mutual funds have a minimum initial purchase of $2,500 but some are as low as $1,000. Disadvantages of Mutual Funds Risks and Costs Changing market conditions can create fluctuations in the value of a mutual fund investment. There are fees and expenses associated with investing in mutual funds that do not usually occur when purchasing individual securities directly. There are drawbacks associated with mutual funds: No Guarantees. The value of mutual fund investment could fall and be worth less than the principle initially invested. The Diversification â€Å"Penalty†. Diversification can help to reduce your risk of loss from holding a single security, but it limits your potential for a â€Å"home run† if a single security increases dramatically in value. Costs. In some cases, the efficiencies of fund ownership are offset by a combination of sales commissions, redemption fees, and operating expenses. If the fund is purchased in a taxable account, taxes may have to be paid on capital gains. Expenses Because mutual funds are professionally managed investments, there are management fees and operating expenses associated with investing in a fund, which is called expense ratios ranging from 0. 2% to 2. 0%. These fees and expenses charged by the fund are passed onto shareholders and deducted from the fund’s return. Taxes As a fund shareholder, you can be taxed on distributions of dividends and/or capital gains made by the fund and profits you make when you sell the fund shares. Research Hypothesis 1. There is a possibility that his overall performance may be affected because of Bill Miller’s choice of concentrating heavily in certain sectors such as financials, health, consumer goods, and telecommunications. 2. By examining and analyzing various theoretical explanations, we will be able to determine whether Bill Miller’s success is dependent on luck and/or skill and whether it is sustainable or not. Evaluation of Bill Miller’s Performance Bill Miller’s results seemed to contradict conventional theories, which suggested that, in markets characterized by high competition, easy entry, and information efficiency, it would be extremely difficult to beat the market on sustained basis. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) There are three levels of market efficiency which were distinguished by the degree of information believed to be reflected in current securities’ prices. The weak form of efficiency maintained that all past prices for a tock were impounded into today’s price. The semistrong form of efficiency held that today’s prices reflected not only all past prices, but also all publicly available information. The strong form of efficiency held that today’s stock price reflected all the information that could be acquired through a close analysis of the company and the economy. You read "Bill Miller and Value Trust" in category "Papers" Many sc holars argued that the sock market followed a â€Å"random walk†, where the price movements of tomorrow were essentially uncorrelated with the price movements of today. They argued that capital markets’ information was efficient, and that the insights available to any one fundamental analyst were bound to be impounded quickly into share prices. If EMH were correct and all current prices reflected the true value of the underlying securities, then arguably it would be impossible to beat the market with superior skill or intellect. â€Å"In such a market,† as one economist said, â€Å"We would observe lucky and unlucky investors, but we wouldn’t find any superior investment managers who can consistently beat the market. Yet, Bill Miller, who over long periods, greatly outperformed the market. In reply, Malkiel suggested that beating the market was much like participating in a coin-tossing contest where those who consistently flip heads are the winners. Malkiel suggested that the success of a few superstar portfolio managers could be explained as luck. Similarly, the stock-market crash on October 1987 had also seemed to undermine t he strength of the EMH. Academic research exposed other inconsistencies with the EMH, for example, January effect, blue Monday effect, etc. Those results were inconsistent with a random walk of prices and returns. Bill Miller was an adherent of fundamental analysis; his approach was research-intensive and highly concentrated. Nearly 50% of Value Trust’s asserts were invested in just 10 large-capitalization companies. Analysis of Bill Miller’s Key Strategies Bill Miller, portfolio manager for Legg Mason Value Trust, had a great track record for an astonishing fourteen years in a row. He was the only active mutual fund manager to have consistently beaten the SP 500 over the last fourteen years. Bill Miller pointed out that his streak was due to luck; 95 percent luck. This section will evaluate Bill Miller’s investment philosophies and whether he is just plain lucky or it is based on luck and sustainability. The figure below lists the categories in which Bill Miller has invested in and the annual returns each category receives: As can be seen in the figure above, Value Trust has a portfolio that is highly volatile. Although highly volatile, the concentrated portfolio still showed outperformance when judged by calendar years, thus giving an ominous sign that the outperformance is not the result of good stock picking, but merely the result of taking on greater risk than the market as a whole. Bill Miller’s investment philosophy to build up Value Trust is to consistently buy cheap stocks, and focused on established companies suffering through periods of poor performance. These judgments resulted in Value Trust’s outperformance for fourteen years. However, taking risks (i. . having a highly concentrated volatile portfolio) and underperforming the value style (i. e. buying cheap stocks from companies suffering through periods of poor performance) is not a good combination and could hurt him later on. One might think that Bill Miller’s investment philosophy could be a â€Å"value trap†, mistaking a more or less permanent change in value or industry conditions for a tempora ry one. The bulk of Bill Miller’s portfolio is from consumer (i. e. homebuilding) and financial categories. These stocks tend to trade at cheap prices. Furthermore, the housing bubble began inflating in mid 1990’s, thus making it an easy way for investors like Bill Miller to make money. This event led to further success of Value Trust despite the high level of volatility. Investment Philosophies Buy low-price, high intrinsic-value stocks Bill Miller tends to invest in stocks that are undervalued by the market. People believe that a business is broken, scandal, but the company is still able to generate positive future cash flows. He buys low and sell high. The market price in long run still imitates the value of the firm. Take heart in pessimistic markets Bill Miller tends to invest in stocks that have the least promising outlook and sell those stocks that have the greatest opportunity for near-term gain. In other words, Bill Miller is investing in stocks that have the greatest opportunity for long-term gain instead of near-term gain. Remember that the lowest average cost wins The lower the shares go, the higher the future rate of return and the more money you should invest in them. When a stock drops and he believes in the fundamentals, the case for future retunes goes up. Again, market price in long run still imitates the value of the firm. Buy low-expectation stocks When the market’s been down for a while, and it looks bad, then you should be more aggressive, and when it’s been up for a while, then you should be less aggressive. Bill Miller thinks buying low-expectation stocks, buying higher dividend-yielding stocks, staying away from things with high expense ratios. Take the long view Bill Miller tends to hold onto stocks he invested in for a long period of time which results in a low portfolio turnover. According to him, the biggest opportunity for investors is really thinking out longer term. Look for cyclical and secular underpricing Bill Miller tends to invest in stocks that are undervalued or mispriced. He believes that most growth people own stocks that are secularly underpriced; things that can grow for long periods of time. Behavioural Finance Bill Miller’s educational background in Philosophy and Economics and his active involvement in the study of Behavioural Finance reflect his investment strategy. During Bill Miller’s Investment Conference in 2004, he remarked that â€Å"I believe that every exploitable anomaly in the market is behaviourally based. This is the only way that sustainable anomalies can be created. These are the anomalies that are not easily arbitraged away. One of the most remarkable behavioural anomalies that we see is that people take today’s data (e. g. , the GDP report, the unemployment report) and concludes that the market is getting ahead of itself. The market does not look at today’s data. It is looking at the data down the road. † This statement demonstrates that his belief that the market reflects the available information fairly accurately in the short term. In addition, he remarked that â€Å"Because the market looks forward, because the market discounts, and because the market prices reflect, in essence, the data refracted through the decision procedures and emotions of investors, then the market will change as the world changes because it is incorporating new information. † With this statement, it appears that Bill Miller expresses a partial belief in the EMH, unlike Warren Buffet. Value Investing As what was stated in the case, Bill Miller has been following an approach to equity investing and followed a number of strategies, specifically Ben Graham’s. Bill Miller analyzes and evaluates the stocks performance in the long run which explains his strategy of buying low, with high intrinsic value. In addition, he has been holding onto stocks for a longer period than an average fund manager, hence a low turn-over rate which explains his strategy of taking the long view. Conclusion By comparing Miller’s investment philosophy with Warren Buffett’s, there is one thing that makes Buffett’s investment philosophy more applicable and Miller’s philosophy a â€Å"swing-for-the-fences† approach. Miller should look at a company’s financials before making an investment. His view of welcoming negative sentiment about companies and buying stocks as their prices fall failed to look at the company’s liquidity. The company could have issues with high levels of debt and poor financials. Even though if for instance, some of his stocks (due to volatility) have failed to meet his expectations (a â€Å"stinker†), the inflated housing bubble that grew during the 1990s caused high levels of annual return could still make the overall performance of Value Trust successful compared to the others. Thus, given the nature of his concentrated portfolio, his long outperformance can be seen as a random variable, or â€Å"luck†. There are approximately 8,044 mutual funds out there; and 4,600 of these were U. S. equity mutual funds. Thus, there is a 50 percent chance of beating the market. Since Bill Miller has outperformed its competitors over fourteen consecutive years, how come no one has followed in his footsteps? How to cite Bill Miller and Value Trust, Papers